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#Caffeine withdrawal symptoms dration manual#
Life Sci 38:577–588Īmerican Psychiatric Association (1987) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3rd edn, revised. The similarities and differences between caffeine and classic drugs of abuse are discussed.Īhlijanian MK, Takemori AE (1986) Cross-tolerance studies between caffeine and (-)-N 6-(phenylisopropyl)-adenosine (PIA) in mice. Although animal and human studies suggest that physical dependence may potentiate the reinforcing effects of caffeine, human studies also demonstrate that a history of substantial caffeine intake is not a necessary condition for caffeine to function as a reinforcer. Withdrawal symptoms have been documented after relatively short-term exposure to high doses of caffeine (i.e. The proportion of heavy caffeine users who will experience withdrawal symptoms has been estimated from experimental studies to range from 25% to 100%. The pharmacological specificity of caffeine withdrawal has been established. The withdrawal syndrome has an onset at 12–24 h, peak at 20–48 h, and duration of about 1 week. When caffeine withdrawal occurs, severity can vary from mild to extreme (i.e. anxiety, impaired psychomotor performance, nausea/vomiting and craving). In humans, a review of 37 clinical reports and experimental studies dating back to 1833 shows that headache and fatigue are the most frequent withdrawal symptoms, with a wide variety of other signs and symptoms occurring at lower frequency (e.g. Although caffeine is the most widely used behaviorally active drug in the world, caffeine physical dependence has been poorly characterized in laboratory animals and only moderately well characterized in humans.
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